Etanercept Essay Example for Free

Etanercept Essay Although it is known that etanercept is a recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF? ) receptor fusion protein that decreases its role in disorders that involves excess inflammation in animals, mainly in humans, including autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, hepatitis C, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, it obviously shows that the effect of this fusion protein depends on the genes of the patient relative to his or her reaction to this protein. Citing the 60 year old male patient who was involved of being treated with etanercept, again, it manifests that there are different cases for different sets of specimens. Presumably, it is not wise to jump to conclusions that etanercept is not that beneficial in treating psoriasis or hepatitis C or both. One must take into consideration the genial pattern of the patient. Furthermore, etanercept is protein, which as we all know, comprises the basic genial structure of each cell of the body. In order for such protein to react or perform smoothly and beneficially, the subject should be focused more on protein â€Å"match-up† rather than citing several cases from the past or other occurrences involving etanercept.

Depleting Ozone and Its Effect on Society Essay -- Environment

Depleting Ozone and Its Effect on Society Is there a reason for us to be concerned? Can ozone depletion really be connected to something that is truly harmful to humans? How are we directly affected by ozone depletion? How much do we actually know about the ozone and the things that are going on in the atmosphere? There are many questions that arise when talking about the ozone depletion in relation to skin cancer. Today both environmentalists and researchers alike focus on the increasingly dangerous affect that ultraviolet radiation has on present day society. In order to understand how the ozone affects us we must first understand what the ozone is. What is the ozone? The ozone’s essential duty is to protect society from harmful ultraviolet rays by acting as a filter. The ozone is a layer in the middle of the stratosphere that protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. The ozone layer acts as a shield and prevents the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays from penetrating to the sur face of the earth. The ozone layer protects humans in ways that are difficult to predict The main reason that the ozone is depleting is because of the very nature of human activity. The ozone is being destroyed by chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorofluorocarbons, widely know as CFC’s, are a human-made chemicals that are composed of carbon, chlorine and fluorine atoms. It is the chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons that breaks down the molecule in the ozone causing it to slowly deplete. It is this man-made chemical been the main cause of ozone depletion high up in the atmosphere. There are several different types of CFCs. They were first developed in the 1930s, and since then have been widely used in refrigerators, aerosol cans and ... ...ting because it is the ozone layer that protects us from the very deadly and dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun. It is very pertinent that our society recognizes that the ozone is thinning and that it is imperative that we take action, no matter how difficult it may be, so that the safety of future generations is ensured. Works Cited Books Gore, Albert. Earth in the Balance. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000. Harper, Charles L. Environment and Society:Human Perspective on Environmental Issues. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001. Aguado, Edward. Burt, James E. Understanding Weather and Climate. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Internet http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/effects.html http://www.ciesin.org/docs/001-503/001-503.html http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/ozone.html http://www.who.int/uv/publications/proUVrad.pdf

Bullying Essay

Bullying is the use of force, or threat, to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively impose domination over others. Justifications and rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of class, race, religion, gender, sexuality, appearance, behavior, or ability. (Wiki2013) This abuse like many others may not be known to us personally, but that doesn’t mean that we should ignore it. Sometimes given the fact that we are unaware of this abuse we don’t know how serious of a problem it can be. According to the organization against bullying; in recent years, a series of bullying- related suicides in the US, and around the world have drawn attention to the connection between bullying and suicide. Though many adults still see bullying as â€Å"just a part of being a kid†; it is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects for victims, including  suicide. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes hitting, pinching, spitting, pushing, pulling, tripping, slapping and taking or breaking someone’s possessions. (Stop bullying.gov 2013) This physical aggression can occur almost anywhere; it can be at work, school, or even at home. For instance, children at school tend to hit their classmates when trying to get their attention. They normally don’t even call the individual by their name; they just hit, slap, or even kick the person to get his or her attention. This behavior is normally repeated with the same person on different occasions. Also, another thing that people do is find the weakest and least amiable person in their school. They gang up on him throw things at him, push him around and as though that wasn’t enough, they push their victims head into the toilet in the rest room. In addition, people at work also exert physical bullying. At times, at work there is a certain person that is the target of unoccupied individuals that are just seeking to humiliate others. This is carried about by actions such as, pulling away their colleagues chair when they are about to sit down. This is repeatedly done to make a mockery of that person. Bullies that perform these actions may not think about the harm being done, but many times the victims have scars from the physical abuse. Furthermore, Emotional bullying is another way of abusing people. Emotional bullying is the use of offensive/ obscene language used by bullies to degrade and demean their victims. (bullying.org) Persons are sometimes targeted because of the way they dress, walk, and talk or even because of their race or religion. Rude remarks are made ab out these persons by their bullies so often, that the victims tend to have low self -esteem and can even be depressed. For instance, I once saw a young lady in junior college that was pestered because she dressed in long skirts and dresses; that didn’t do any kind of drug and was always in mass. This person was mocked, insulted and called names because of her physical appearance and religious preference. In the same way persons who are homosexuals, are often made fun of. These persons are humiliated in every manner possible by bullies, also known in this case as homophobes. Furthermore, constantly spreading rumors about someone is also considered verbal abuse, because the victim is embarrassed by many persons over and  over. These persons that are constantly molested at times also have suicidal thoughts. Therefore, we should all think very well before we insult, or â€Å"innocently† label people with offensive nicknames. Likewise, cyber bullying is just as serious as emotional/ verbal, and physical bullying. According to the organization against bullying, Cyber bullying is when a child, teen, adult, etc, is harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened, or tormented using digital technology. This type of bullying like others is done to publicly embarrass a person. For example, a teenager who took a naked picture of herself for her boyfriend; the picture ended up being uploaded to the internet by her partner. All those who got to see this photo instantly commented making rude remarks and observations about the young lady. Her picture was shared with many other persons just to keep making fun of her unintelligent choice. Moreover, Cyber bullying can also be made through cell phones, via text message , or a call. Some hackers also tend to bully naà ¯ve people. They send text messages telling people you have won a prize, and to redeem the prize you must follow a set of instructions. This is done repeatedly too many persons by the same bully. No prize is ever obtained and in some cases the victims, end up losing money. Hence, we should all be careful about what we post on line or what things are sent via text message, because bullies are just waiting for their next victim. In conclusion, bullying is a form of aggressive behavior or threat towards another individual to intimidate, harm or cause discomfort; this is done repeatedly and intentionally. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. As a matter of fact, the victims of this abuse normally don’t do anything to cause being bullied. Not to mention, these individuals don’t even defend themselves from their aggressor. With this in mind let’s try to be more civil and conscious individuals so that some day we may live in peace and harmony. References Bullying and Suicide – Bullying Statistics retrieved from: www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-and-suicide. Bullying retrieved from: wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Definition- StopBullying.gov retrieved from: www.stopbullying.gov

The Objectives Of The Monetary Policy Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1249 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The key purpose of bringing specific change in monetary policy is maintaining the Gross domestic product (GDP) strong by maintaining the inflation low and controlling the interest rate alterations. It is known that the interest rates and quantities of money can be affected by the tools available to central banks, that has direct effects on interest rates and quantities of money and they just impact the ultimate policy objectives. The government used to set the interest rates in earlier days before May 1997, and then its controlling authority was passed to the Bank of England The Bank defines the targets for interest rate and inflation to their most appropriate levels for unproblematic achievements under the Bank of England Act 1998. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Objectives Of The Monetary Policy Finance Essay" essay for you Create order According to Glenn Hoggarth (1996)  [1]  Changes in Central Bank interest rate (i.e. monetary policy) affect the whole spectrum of interest rates in the economy, particularly at the short end but also at longer maturities. However, it also depicts that the interest rate change effect is vague because banking system interest cannot be controlled by the central bank. It is quite obvious that the changes made on interest rate by the central bank, it definitely impacts on other banks and financial institutions interest rates. Firms cash flows are affected by lowering the level of interest rate hence resulting in the decreased interest payments on loans. Gertler and Gilchrist (1994) argue that a monetary tightening, by increasing interest rates, can worsen cash flow net of interest and thus firms balance sheet positions. Hence, the firms capacity to borrow and invest can lessen because of the declination in net worth, resulting in varying the financial assets prices comprises of equit y and bonds (i.e. lower interest rates increase the prices of shares) 2. Monetary policy and business condition variables: Financial economics purely believe on goals of considering the pragmatic association between macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, real output, inflation and economic policy action i.e. central bank changes on discount rate. Numerous researchers propose to forecast stock returns by business cycle variables at cyclical frequencies. Yet, there is a fine documentation on the effects of monetary policy and macroeconomic news statement on prices of stock, interest rates and exchange rates. The procedure of monetary policy is used all over the world to achieve desired objectives following the strength and growth of the monetary system of a country and allows the procedure to respond in conditions related to economic growth and inflation. On the darker side, the monetary policy affects are not completely understandable by the policy makers and the academi cs itself. Various researches on monetary policy had focused on real sectors impact (see Romer and Romer 1989 and Bernanke and Blinder 1992). There is enough proof that bond returns and stocks are predictable. So, the result generated on the monthly basis data is that expected part of returns, or regular, deviations between time of likely returns, is the tiny proportion of return variance. Hence, several researches kept the focus on the bond returns and stock forecasting by utilizing the financial and economic factors. Schwert (1990), Fama (1990) and Fama and French (1988, 1989) found that major variations over likely bond and stock returns can be clarified by term spread, dividend yield and default soread. The expected returns that the investors require differ in excess of the business cycle in light of these studies. Monetary policy affects stock returns according to Johnson and Jensen (1995). Over the period 1962-1991, they found that during expansive monetary policy periods the expected stock returns are considerably high than restricted ones which recommend that monetary rigidity influence on investors expected returns. This research matches with French and Famas (1989) point of view that predictable variation in returns reflects rational variation in required returns. Impact of expansive Vs restrictive monetary policy: For many years a country and their government financial sectors vast area of interest has always been the Monetary policy and has huge effects over the countrys economy. Either expansionary (increase in supply of currency) or restrictive (decrease in supply of currency), monetary policy has a direct impact on the interest rate. The learning develops a vast and definite measure of fiscal conditions based on Federal Reserve discount rate changes. The practice of a simple binary classification scheme that is based upon the direction of the latest discount rate change is being used. The Federal Reserve purse expansive monetary policy if there was a decrease in the previous discount rate. The Federal Reserve pursue restrictive monetary policy If there was an increase in previous discount rate, as discussed in Hamburger and Kochin (1972) that chÃÆ' Ã‚ °nges in the growth rate of money have an immediate negative effect on short term interest rates. Bernanke and Kuttner (2005) revealed that the astonish change in US monetary policy is statistically important with a negative sign, i.e., US stock returns have a negative effect because of a surprising change in the US federal funds rate target. Hence the price of the securities (i.e. equity, bond etc.) are affected because of the change in interest rate. According to Kein and Stambaugh (1986) the short-term interest rates are accurate and useful predictors of subsequent, realized excess equity returns. Monetary policy affects stock returns according to Johnson and Jensen (1995). Over the period 1962-1991, they found that during expansive monetary policy periods the expected stock returns are considerably high than restricted ones which recommend that monetary rigidity influence on investors expected returns. This research matches with French and Famas (1989) point of view that predictable variation in returns reflects rational variation in required returns. Impact of monetary policy on portfolio returns: Another study was carried by Devereux and Sutherland (2007) which depicts the Monetary policy effect on national bonds and equity portfolios by evaluating two countries open economic model in which one was the home country and the other was a foreign country by using a totally different approach. The idea being used was utility maximization and consumption-leisure trade-off function to estimate home price index and, in turn, gross return on home nominal bond and home equity  [2]  , and determine interest rate as a function of historic PPI (Producer Price Index) inflation rates. Firstly, the equilibrium was calculated between portfolio under complete market (nominal bonds and equities are traded across countries) and incomplete market (only nominal bonds are traded). Secondly, they analysed the impact on portfolio choice by monetary policy monetary. They analysis lead to the fact that increase in home countrys nominal interest rate is caused by home money shock with repercuss ions of collision between the foreign inflation and domestic inflation relatively, which therefore increases the exchange rate relative to a foreign one and increase in returns on home currency bonds as well. Hence, the significance of equity and bond in the portfolio choice instead of bonds as previously i.e. equity and bonds completely evade all the money shocks possible leads me to use this study for my project. There were same results provided by James Booth and Lena Booth (1997) during their study while they observe the bond returns and expected stock impact by monetary policy while using Federal fund rate and index relied on discount rate change as a measure of monetary policy stance. The restrictive monetary policy results in decrease of return of small stocks so as large socks and in various cases corporate bonds and these results were derived by studying and examining the returns on stock based on SP 500, and bond, based on Salomon Brothers Long Term High Grade Corporate Bond Index, over the period 1955 through 1992 and by using monthly and quarterly regressions.